Digital Resources
During data collection, the following open-source archives were consulted and contain primary sources surrounding "Liberated Africans." Materials from some of these resources are reorganized and presented herein.
African Origins, https://african-origins.org/
Ancestry, http://www.ancestry.com/
Angola Slave Registers, https://slaveregisters.org/
Between Oceans and Continents, https://africanregisters.org/
BNDigital, Brasil, https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/
Endangered Archive Programme, British Library, https://eap.bl.uk/
Enslaved, https://enslaved.org/
Center for Research Libraries, https://www.crl.edu/
Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/
Centre International de Recherches sur les Esclavages et Post-Esclavages, https://esclavages.cnrs.fr/
Digital History Tazmania, https://digivol-test.ala.org.au/
Freedom Narratives, https://freedomnarratives.org/
Hathi Trust Digital Archive, https://www.hathitrust.org/
Historical Papers Research Archive, http://historicalpapers-atom.wits.ac.za/
The Ganges Families History Project, https://thegangesfamilies.com/
Google Books, https://books.google.com/
Internet Archive, https://archive.org/
Language of Marks, https://languageofmarks.org/
Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/
The National Archives, United Kingdom, https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/
National Archives, United States, https://www.archives.gov/
ProQuest: Parliamentary Papers, https://www.proquest.com/
Qatar Digital Library, https://www.qdl.qa/en
The Record Office for Leicestershire, http://www.recordoffice.org.uk/
REMAP Database, http://www.remapdatabase.org/
Royal Museums Greenwich, https://www.rmg.co.uk/
Senegal Liberations Project, https://www.senegalliberationsproject.com/
Slave Society Digital Archives, https://www.slavesocieties.info/
Slavery Images, http://www.slaveryimages.org/
Studies in the History of the African Diaspora – Documents, https://shadd.org/
Records of Slave Ship Movement Between Africa and the Americas, 1817-1843, https://www.disc.wisc.edu/archive/slave/slave01_index.html
Répetoire 1857-1904, https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/5185180
SlaveVoyages, https://www.slavevoyages.org/
Suriname: Slavenregisters, https://www.ru.nl/slavenregisters/
UK Parliamentary Archives, https://digitalarchive.parliament.uk/
University Libraries at CU Boulder, https://www.colorado.edu/libraries/
The Victorian Royal Navy, https://www.pdavis.nl/
Visualizing Abolition, expired 2022, http://visualizingabolition.org/
Yoruba Diaspora, http://yorubadiaspora.org/
Key Outputs
Henry Lovejoy, "Global Survey of "Liberated African" Cases during the Suppression of the Slave Trade from Africa, 1800-1920." https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZL6R2A, Harvard Dataverse, V1 (2023).
Henry Lovejoy, "Maritime Blockade of the Slave Trade, 1800-1900." https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZNE4SK, Harvard Dataverse, V1 (2023).
Henry Lovejoy, Brenna Bythewood, Tiffany Beebe, Ann Chapman Terrill, Alexander Gillette, Olivia Hart, Ian Hogg, Kathleen King, Alexander Langer, Travis May, Megan Tocci, and Chloe Zehr, "Catalogue of Anti-Slave Trade Legislation in Global Perspective", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6OZDQC, Harvard Dataverse, V1, (2023).
Karl Grossner, and Henry B. Lovejoy, "Regionalization of Africa as a Controlled Vocabulary for Data Analysis." https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/9YIWBJ, Harvard Dataverse, V1, (2022).
Henry B. Lovejoy, "Registers of "Liberated Africans" of the Havana Slave Trade Commission, 1824-1841." https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/8RWXO4, Harvard Dataverse, V1, (2018).
Donated Spreadsheets
Beyond the above digital resources, the following researchers graciously donated raw spreadsheets, which were modified and integrated into this metadata scheme:
Samuël Coghe, "Libertos Angola," (received 2020).
Trevor Getz, "Trials of the Gold Coast Protectorate" (received 2021).
Matthew S. Hopper, "Liberated Africans in the Indian Ocean" (received in 2019).
Ismael Montana, "List of Vessels in Mediterranean" (donated in 2021).
Vanessa Oliveira, "Registro de Libertos" (received in 2021).
Andrew Pearson, "St. Helena Vice Admiralty Court" (received in 2017).
Metadata
Between 2016 and 2017, the people, places, events, and sources metadata scheme and controlled vocabulary was initially developed. The following section provides a list of all controlled vocabulary terms currently in use:
Court
Court or other government agents charged with the authority to "liberate" and indenture. Required entry. Choices include Tribunal de Julgamento das Prezas por Tráfico de Escravatura, Luanda; Rachat et Engagement, Réunion; Court of Vice Admiralty, Freetown; British and Portuguese Court of Mixed Commission, Freetown; etc.
Unknown |
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Afrikaansch Werfdepot, Elmina |
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Association Internationale Africaine, Karéma |
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Auditoria Geral da Marinha, Bahia |
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Auditoria Geral da Marinha, Rio de Janeiro |
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Austrian Consular Court, Tunis |
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Bezirksamt, Bagamoyo |
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Bezirksamt, Dar es Salam |
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Bezirksamt, Iringa |
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Bezirksamt, Kilwa |
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Bezirksamt, Lindi |
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Bezirksamt, Mohorro-Rufigi |
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Bezirksamt, Pangani |
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Bezirksamt, Tabora |
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Bezirksamt, Tanga |
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Bezirksamt, Udijidji |
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British Consular Court, Bahrain |
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British Consular Court, Bandar Abbas |
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British Consular Court, Benghazi |
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British Consular Court, Beyrut |
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British Consular Court, Bushehr |
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British Consular Court, Cairo |
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British Consular Court, Cephalonia |
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British Consular Court, Chania |
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British Consular Court, Constantinople |
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British Consular Court, Crete |
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British Consular Court, Damascus |
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British Consular Court, Gwadar |
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British Consular Court, Jeddah |
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British Consular Court, Kuwait |
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British Consular Court, Lagos |
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British Consular Court, Larissa |
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British Consular Court, Lengeh |
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British Consular Court, Muscat |
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British Consular Court, Preveza |
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British Consular Court, Salonica |
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British Consular Court, Sharjah |
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British Consular Court, Shiraz |
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British Consular Court, Smyrna |
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British Consular Court, Thessaly |
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British Consular Court, Tripoli |
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British Consular Court, Tunis |
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British Consular Court, Umm al-Quwain |
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British Consular Courts, Al-Hudaydah |
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British Consular Courts, Lower Egypt |
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British Consular Courts, Massawa |
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British Consular Courts, Mogador |
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British Consular Courts, Suakin |
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British Consular Courts, Upper Egypt |
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British Consulate, Mogador |
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British and Austrian Consular Court, Constantinople |
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British and Austrian Consular Court, Smyrna |
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British and Brazilian Court of Mixed Commission, Freetown |
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British and Brazilian Court of Mixed Commission, Rio de Janeiro |
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British and Netherlands Court of Mixed Commission, Freetown |
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British and Netherlands Court of Mixed Commission, Paramaribo |
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British and Portuguese Court of Mixed Commission, Boa Vista |
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British and Portuguese Court of Mixed Commission, Cape of Good Hope |
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British and Portuguese Court of Mixed Commission, Freetown |
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British and Portuguese Court of Mixed Commission, Luanda |
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British and Portuguese Court of Mixed Commission, Rio de Janeiro |
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British and Spanish Court of Mixed Commission, Freetown |
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British and Spanish Court of Mixed Commission, Havana |
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Capitanía General de la Isla de Cuba, Havana |
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Capitanía General de la Isla de Puerto Rico, San Juan |
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Chief Magistrate's and Slave Court, Lagos |
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Collector of Customs, Anguilla |
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Cours de Justice et des Tribunaux, Gonaïves |
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Cours de Justice et des Tribunaux, Port-au-Prince |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Aden |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Antigua |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Bahamas |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Barbados |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Berbice |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Bermuda |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, British Honduras |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Cape of Good Hope |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Demerara |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Dominica |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Freetown |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Grenada |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Guiana |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Jamaica |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Mauritius |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Montserrat |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Muscat |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, St. Christopher |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, St. Helena |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, St. Lucia |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, St. Vincent |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Tortola |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Trinidad |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Zanzibar |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, unspecified |
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Departemento de Guatemala, Petén |
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Departemento de Venezuela, Guaira |
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Distritos (unspecified), Angola |
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Distritos (unspecified), Moçambique |
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Escuadra de la República de Venezuela |
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French Consular Court, Tunis |
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Gold Coast Constabulary, Accra |
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Gouvernement General de l'Algerie |
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Gouverneur en Koloniale Raad, Suriname |
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Governador Geral da Provincia de Angola, Luanda |
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Governador Geral da Provincia de Cabo Verde, Praia |
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Governador Geral da Provincia de Moçambique, unspecified |
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Governor General Gordon, Sudan |
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High Court of Admiralty |
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Imperial British East Africa Company, Mijikenda |
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Imperial British East Africa Company, Rabai |
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Indian Navy, Bombay |
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Italian Consular Court, Tripoli |
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Juiz Municipal, Alagoas |
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Juiz Municipal, Bahia |
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Juiz Municipal, Ceará |
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Juiz Municipal, Maranhão |
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Juiz Municipal, Paraíba |
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Juiz Municipal, Pernambuco |
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Juiz Municipal, Rio Grande do Sul |
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Juiz Municipal, Rio de Janeiro |
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Juiz Municipal, São Paulo |
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Junta Protetora dos Escravos e Libertos, Cabo Verde |
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Junta Protetora dos Escravos e Libertos, Luanda |
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Juízo de Direito da Comarca, Luanda |
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Ministério da Justiça |
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Northern Nigeria District Office (unspecified) |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Bassa |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Bauchi |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Borno |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Ilorin |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Kabba |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Kano |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Kontagora |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Mafoni |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Maiduguri |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Muri |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Nassarawa |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Nupe |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Sokoto |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Yola |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Zaria |
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Northern Nigeria District Office, Zungeru |
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Persian Gulf Station, Basaidu |
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Rachat et Engagement, Algérie |
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Rachat et Engagement, Bagamoyo |
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Rachat et Engagement, Bukumbi |
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Rachat et Engagement, Guadeloupe |
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Rachat et Engagement, Guyane |
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Rachat et Engagement, Kampala |
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Rachat et Engagement, Kibanga |
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Rachat et Engagement, Malta |
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Rachat et Engagement, Martinique |
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Rachat et Engagement, Rumongé |
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Rachat et Engagement, Réunion |
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Rachat et Engagement, Sénégal |
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Rachat et Engagement, Tabora |
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Rachat et Engagement, Zanzibar |
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Répertoire des Libérations, Sénégal |
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Succursaal Werfdepot, Kumasi |
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Supreme Court of the United States, Washington DC |
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Telegraph Village, Jask |
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Tribunal Maritime, Bordeaux |
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Tribunal Maritime, Caen |
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Tribunal Maritime, Cayenne |
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Tribunal Maritime, Gorée |
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Tribunal Maritime, Guadeloupe |
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Tribunal Maritime, Le Havre |
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Tribunal Maritime, Marseille |
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Tribunal Maritime, Martinique |
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Tribunal Maritime, Nantes |
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Tribunal Maritime, Rennes |
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Tribunal Maritime, Réunion |
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Tribunal Maritime, Saint-Louis |
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Tribunal Maritime, unspecified |
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Tribunal de Julgamento das Prezas por Tráfico de Escravatura, Cabo Verde |
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Tribunal de Julgamento das Prezas por Tráfico de Escravatura, Luanda |
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Tribunal de Julgamento das Prezas por Tráfico de Escravatura, Moçambique |
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Tribunal de Presas, Buenos Aires |
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United States Africa Squadron, Liberia |
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United States District Court for the District of Alabama, St. Stephens |
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United States District Court for the District of Louisiana, New Orleans |
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United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia |
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United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina, Florence |
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United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, Key West |
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Villages de liberté administratifs, Côte d'Ivoire |
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Villages de liberté administratifs, Guinée |
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Villages de liberté administratifs, Soudan |
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Villages de liberté administratifs, Sénégal |
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Virreinato de Nueva Granada, Venezuela |
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United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia |
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United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, New York |
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United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond |
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United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Baltimore |
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United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Boston |
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West Florida Court |
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United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island, Providence |
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United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida, Tallahassee |
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United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia, Savannah |
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United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, New Haven |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Accra |
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Factorerie de Mr. Régis au Congo |
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British and Uruguayan Court of Mixed Commission, Freetown |
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Court of Vice Admiralty, Madagascar |
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Inboekstelsel |
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British Consular Courts, Tehran |
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Regia Marina Italiana, Massawa |
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Gold Coast Colony, Accra |
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Tribunal de Julgamento das Prezas por Tráfico de Escravatura, São Tomé |
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Diplomatic Mission |
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